[Salon] Two islands and a bridge



Two islands and a bridge

Summary: Tiran and Sanafir, two small islands in the Red Sea at the entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba feature large in Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s radical re-engineering of the kingdom’s economy away from its dependency on oil revenues. 

The tiny desert islands have from time to time played an outsized role in the region’s geopolitical history.  That’s because of their strategic prominence at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Vessels from the  Israeli port city of Eilat at the extreme southern tip of the Negev Desert were denied access by Egypt to the Red Sea, in what was deemed  a casus belli seized upon by Israel  to launch the 1967 Six Day War.  The Israelis occupied the islands until 1982 when they were returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 peace deal between the two countries.  The return of the islands, was a quid pro quo with Egypt committing not to deny Israel access to the Red Sea.

Tiran and Sanafir slumbered along in obscurity for nearly three decades until 2016 when Egyptian president Abdul Fattah el-Sisi announced they would be turned over to Saudi Arabia.  It was a decision that provoked rare protests in his authoritarian regime, one that had brutally repressed any and all opposition since the overthrow of Egypt’s only democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi, of the Muslim Brotherhood, in 2013.

The courts threw out Sisi’s decision but in June 2017 the president used a supine parliament to override the judiciary and affirm that Tiran and Sanafir belonged to Saudi Arabia. It helped that the Saudis, along with the Emiratis had bankrolled the Sisi regime as he crushed the Brotherhood and had committed in the neighbourhood of US$ 4 billion to build a causeway from the Saudi mainland via Tiran to the Egyptian tourist city of Sharm el Sheikh.


Strait of Tiran, site of the proposed causeway and bridge linking Egypt and Saudi Arabia [source: wikipedia]

With the islands in Saudi hands, Mohammed bin Salman announced his most ambitious project in October 2017:  Neom, the so-called smart city of the future.  With a US$ 500 billion price tag Neom, now under construction is tucked into the far northwestern province of Tabuk.  Once completed it will sprawl over 26,500 km2 and will extend 460 km along the coast of the Red Sea. And a key part of this grandiose vision is the bridge that will tie Egypt to Saudi Arabia, allowing the rapid transit of goods and people between the two countries.

Israel by the terms of the peace deal with Egypt is in a position to filibuster the handover, since the deal required that whoever owns the islands guarantees the Israelis access to the Red Sea.  Yet, curiously, when it was first announced Israel remained quiet. The reason was a simple one.  They had been well apprised in advance of what was afoot in private conversations with the Saudis and the Egyptians. As Yoram Meital,  a Middle East expert at Israel’s Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, told Bloomberg at the time: “there couldn’t be anything close to this unless Israel and the Saudis had the opportunity to discuss in detail their relations and this bridge. There have to have been back channels.”

But what is lacking thus far is a public statement from the Saudis that they, like the Egyptians before them, will not use the islands to block Israeli shipping. Much discussion has gone on to secure that important detail but no resolution has yet been achieved in part because Saudi King Salman, unlike his son the crown prince, remains committed to the Palestinian cause.  Withholding final agreement on Tiran and Sanafir is a bargaining chip for the aged monarch, one he is hesitant to give up. Cue the Americans and the Biden administration.

As the US president continues to row back from his earlier efforts to isolate MbS and rumours flow that he is considering meeting the crown prince in the kingdom on the heels of a brief trip to Israel in late June, the islands once again assume a degree of outsized importance.

Writing from Tel Aviv, the Axios columnist Barik Ravid quotes sources who told him that the Biden administration has “been quietly mediating among Saudi Arabia, Israel and Egypt on negotiations” that would see the transfer of the islands to Saudi sovereignty finalised.

That gesture of good faith would help to grease the wheels of a US-Saudi rapprochement by strengthening bonds between the crown prince and the Israelis who share a common foe, as does the US, in Iran. MbS, so the thinking goes, would return the favour by pumping more oil into global markets and helping to bring prices at the pump down as Biden attempts a damage-limitation exercise ahead of November’s US mid-terms.

The Israelis are hoping that an additional windfall will be to bring the kingdom into the Abraham Accords.  That outcome may be a result of wishful thinking, at least as long as King Salman is still alive.  But once he is gone and MbS has ascended the throne the expectation is that Saudi Arabia will recognise Israel. The crown prince sees the advantage the UAE and its ruler Mohammed bin Zayed are gaining from their pact with Israel. He very much wants in on the action.  And he is already on record, via the former Saudi ambassador to the US Bandar bin Sultan, as declaring the Palestinians “liars, cheats and ungrateful.”

The causeway to Tiran and Sharm el Sheikh may be a bridge too far for Palestine but it is one that opens glittering possibilities for Mohammed bin Salman.

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